A collection of essays dealing with the fundamental issues in neuroscience from the methodological and philosophical perspectives. The Reader will learn about the methodological difficulties connected with the use of neuroscientific experiments in philosophical argumentation and about the nature of scientific explanation in neuroscience. In addition, the collection includes case studies of several issues lying at the intersection of neuroscience and philosophy such as: theory of mind, self-consciousness, self-deception, depression and morality. Contributors Jerzy Vetulani (Polish Academy of Sciences), Bartosz Brożek (Jagiellonian University), Robert Poczobut (University of Bialystok), Marcin Miłkowski (Polish Academy of Sciences), Radosław Zyzik (Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum), Wojciech Grygiel (The Pontifical University of John Paul II), Łukasz Kurek (Jagiellonian University), Bram Heerebout (University of Amsterdam), Hans Phaf (University of Amsterdam), Dominika Dudek (Jagiellonian University), Rafał Jaeschke (Jagiellonian University), Marcin Siwek (Jagiellonian University), Piotr Urbańczyk (The Pontifical University of John Paul II), Mateusz Hohol (The Pontifical University of John Paul II), Wojciech Załuski (Jagiellonian University).